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This study aims to provide recommendations on legislative and policy measures to protect democracy, the rule of law, and fundamental rights from the impact of disinformation, as well as to create a structured informational ecosystem which promotes and protects these values. Ongoing research into the psychological mechanism of manipulation and resilience gives more detailed results.

Diverse legislative and policy measurements were introduced by various Member States and third states, and civil society responses also flourished, particularly in relation to increasing resilience against disinformation. Particularly strong impacts were seen in cases where disinformation and manipulative propaganda were spread by individuals with high levels of political authority, who enjoy the trust and attention of citizens. Our research showed that disinformation actions increasingly merged with genuine content, and their sources became even more difficult to identify. A working principle of the collection is that investigative methods may be considered, alongside creative, qualitative, quantitative, digital, participatory and mixed methods, a distinct yet complementary style of research.īetween January 2019 and January 2021, the impact of disinformation actions and responses to them were considerably different than in previous years. These include reports of methods used in investigations on: - The use of force by state actors, including into police violence, military decisions to attack civilians, the provenance of munitions used to attack civilians, and the use and abuse of tear gas - Networks of far-right discourse, and its links to criminal attacks and state-leveraged misinformation campaigns - Archives to establish the penal biographies of convicts and the historical practices of democratic petitioning - Corporate structures and processes that enable tax avoidance and an avoidance of legal responsibilities to workers and the environment. All the contributions, in different ways and for different purposes, seek to reconstruct acts, events, practices, biographies and/or milieux, to which the researchers in question lack direct access, but which they want to reconstruct via the traces those phenomena leave behind, traces themselves often produced as part of the phenomena under investigation. Each of the papers presents a different investigative method or set of methods and, through case studies, attempts to demonstrate their value. This Innovation Collection on investigative methods brings together investigators working in different domains, sectors, and on different topics of interest to help capture the breadth, scope and relevance of investigative practices over 10 substantive chapters.

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